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Home » 3D Learning Hub » Design Guidelines » Make your 3D prints accurate: 3D printing tolerances guide

Contents:

3D printing tolerances: All you need to know about the Accuracy of Additive Manufacturing

Introduction

While 3D modeling your parts, it’s essential to remember about the factors that will influence the final size of your 3D prints. Those factors depend on the 3D printing tolerances of the Additive Manufacturing technology you use. In this blog post, we will go over the 3D printing technologies we offer here at Sculpteo to make sure you will get the right size and dimensional accuracy of your fully functional 3D printed parts. Learn more now!

What are 3D printing tolerances?

Has it happened to you that your 3D printed part was not 100% accurate to the 3D model on your computer? Respecting the tolerances during the design process is essential for your 3D printed parts to be accurate. Different 3D printing tolerances depend on various factors: the limitations of the bed of the 3D printer, the size of the 3D printer, the restrictions of the printing materials. Let’s see what actually are the 3D printing tolerances.

Tolerances in 3D printing– the allowable amount of different quantities.

Quantities:

Layer Thickness– explained in µm (micrometer) is the thickness of each layer laid by the 3D printer. As a reference: an average single hair is 20-100 µm thick

Wall Thickness– a minimum thickness of the wall that your 3D model must have to be properly printed, usually indicated in millimeters

Detail– the height or depth of the details, explained in millimeters

Clearance– spacing between two parts, presented in millimeters

Size– maximum size your 3D model. It is limited by the 3D printer and indicated in millimeters or inches

Shrinkage– a process of the 3D model shrinking due to the heat or walls being too thin. As a result, your 3D print will be smaller. Shrinkage amount is explained in percentage

Accuracy– an indicator of the precision of your 3D model and the 3D print you will receive, it’s commonly indicated with a percentage which is the difference that there can be between your 3D model and your final 3D object

It’s very important to keep the design tolerances in mind when designing your model for 3D printing to avoid any problems during the process. If your object’s walls will be too thin, shrinkage may occur or the object will collapse. 3D printing allows for integrating two objects reducing the assembly time, but not respecting the minimum clearance will resolve in the meltdown of the two separated parts. Sometimes your part might come out of the printer in the wrong size because the shrinkage amount was not taken into consideration before uploading the design.

To help you getting started improving your production process with Additive Manufacturing we will cover in this blog post all of Sculpteo’s 3D printing technologies and for each one, we will list the main 3D printing tolerances: layer and wall thickness, minimum detail and clearance, maximum raw size, possible shrinkage and the accuracy of the technology. By the end of this blog post, you will know the correct tolerances for different 3D printing technologies.

How to design models for 3D printing with the correct tolerances?

At Sculpteo we have a wide range of 9 Additive Manufacturing methods. Each of the technologies has its own tolerance restrictions due to the material it uses as well as the 3D printer. To help you understand which of the technologies will meet your production needs we listed them all for you with a short summary of the manufacturing process, which industry the technology will suit best and a clear table presenting to you all the 3D printing tolerances

Selective Laser Sintering SLS

SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) is a plastic 3D printing method. It creates your parts layer by layer by sintering fine polymer powder and fusing them together locally. Polyamide needs to be sintered at a temperature of 160°C to 200°C, which means shorter cooling time and that speeds up the production process.

The SLS process is highly beneficial for those who need to produce their plastic parts for low-volume production by eliminating time-consuming tooling, as well as for prototyping and simulation. It also allows a high degree of design freedom to create complicated and highly detailed designs. With Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), it’s also possible to get thin-walled objects and intricate geometries.

We offer 6 materials for SLS technology and their size and dimensions design tolerances might differ. For example, our Nylon PA12 is strong, but PEBA 2301 will be very flexible as for a plastic material. Also, with some of our materials, the size tolerance is high (67.5 mm in height), which allows for more design freedom. With Selective Laser Sintering, we also offer High Definition Layer Thickness which will provide you with a very smooth surface.

SLS functional parts are used for drones, robotics, special machinery, jewelry and watches, IoT devices, sport equipment, footwear, orthopedic technology, education or medical devices. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is a good technology to create architectural models and detailed concept models at a fair cost.

SLS 3D Printing Tolerances
Standard Layer Thickness	100- 150 µm
High Definition Layer Thickness	60 µm
Minimum Wall Thickness	0.8- 2.5 mm
Minimum Detail	0.3- 1 mm
Minimum Clearance	0.5 mm
Maximum Raw Size	Length: 240- 675 mm Width: 190- 366 mm Height: 315- 545 mm
Shrinkage	2- 3%
Accuracy	± 0.3- 0.5% (with a limit of ± 0.3- 0.5 mm)

Multi Jet Fusion (HP)

Multi Jet Fusion is a plastic Additive Manufacturing method invented by the company Hewlett-Packard (HP). It creates parts additively thanks to a multi-agent printing process. In this process, a fusing agent is applied on a material layer in the shape of your 3D design. Then a detailing agent is applied to modify fusing and create fine detail and smooth surfaces. The Multi Jet Fusion process is the fastest plastic 3D printing technology.

It’s the perfect choice for both prototyping and manufacturing. Thanks to fairly small standard layer thickness tolerance Multi Jet Fusion can create a complicated and highly detailed design in a very short amount of time. The main benefits of the Multi Jet Fusion 3D printing technology are the high customization possibilities and the fast production time. Also, another benefit is the fact that our non-dyed MultiJet material, is a low-priced material and a great economical choice. Thanks to pretty good tolerances this Additive Manufacturing technology is also suitable for mechanical components to perform tests.

Multi Jet Fusion (HP) 3D Printing Tolerances
Standard Layer Thickness	80 µm
Minimum Wall Thickness	0.6 mm
Minimum Detail	0.2 mm
Minimum Clearance	0.5 mm
Maximum Raw Size	284 x 250 x 350 mm
Accuracy	± 0.3% (with a limit of ± 0.3 mm)

PolyJet

PolyJet is a 3D printing technology using resins to create your parts. PolyJet 3D Printing works similarly to inkjet printing, but instead of jetting drops of ink onto paper, the 3D printer jets layers of curable liquid photopolymer onto a build tray. The process of fine layer polymerization is repeated until the object is finished.

Your parts 3D printed with the Polyjet 3D printing process can be used for both prototyping and functional parts. Out of all of our 3D printing technologies, PolyJet has the smallest standard layer thickness tolerance which means you can create very detailed parts. With this 3D technology, the objects will have a smooth surface and a high level of details which makes the PolyJet technology highly beneficial for those who need to produce parts with dimensional accuracy. PolyJet is used by automotive, electronics, consumer goods, medical development, and clothing manufacturers, as well as for creating 3D models for use in movies such as Coraline.

PolyJet 3D Printing Tolerances
Standard Layer Thickness	28 µm
Minimum Wall Thickness	2 mm
Minimum Detail	0.2 mm
Minimum Clearance	0.4 mm
Maximum Raw Size	203 x 254 x 251 mm
Accuracy	± 0.3% (with a limit of ± 0.3 mm)

CLIP (DLS)

CLIP (DLS) is another 3D printing method using resins to produce your parts. The production process is based on photosensitive polymer liquid. That liquid is then solidified by UV light layer by layer to create rigid and highly detailed prints which are comparable to injection molded plastics. The final product has naturally smooth and shiny surface finishes.

They are perfect for ornamental objects, but they can also be used for more mechanical uses if the strain on the object is not too great. CLIP (DLS) technology is also often used by large companies when prototyping new designs and can also be used for creating end-use products.

Depending on the material you decide to use the design tolerances of the printing materials change. All of our resins have smooth surface finishes, but for example, our Flexible Polyurethane has also great elastic properties.

CLIP (DLS) 3D Printing Tolerances
Standard Layer Thickness	100 µm
Minimum Wall Thickness	0.5- 1.0 mm
Minimum Detail	0.5- 0.6 mm
Minimum Clearance	0.6 mm
Maximum Raw Size	Height: 100- 330 mmWidth 141 mmLength: 78 mm
Shrinkage	Doesn’t apply
Accuracy	± 0.3% (with a limit of ± 0.3 mm)

Selective Laser Melting (SLM)

SLM (Selective Laser Melting) is an Additive Manufacturing method specially developed for 3D Printing metal alloys. It creates 3D designs additively by fusing metal powder particles together in a full melting process. Your metal part will be created layer by layer, according to your 3D model. SLM fully melts the powder, and therefore it needs to reach a higher temperature, which requires longer cooling time.

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) will provide you with prototyping or functional parts quickly. It also allows creating complicated and detailed designs that wouldn’t be possible with any other technology, due to the limitations of the traditional manufacturing processes. For example, SLM enables to integrate multiple components into a single object, thus reducing the costs and delays of assembly. Thanks to the material’s 3D printing tolerances SLM technology is great for mechanical components.

With SLM the minimum wall thickness tolerance is only 0.5 mm, which allows for the creation of thin-walled objects and intricate geometries in order to create lightweight designs.

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) 3D Printing Tolerances
Standard Layer Thickness	150 µm
Minimum Wall Thickness	0.5 mm
Minimum Detail	1 mm
Minimum Clearance	Doesn’t apply
Maximum Raw Size	325 x 250 x 250 mm
Shrinkage	Shrinkage may occur
Accuracy	± 0.1 mm

Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)

DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering) is a metal 3D printing technology. It works just like SLM: it creates parts additively by sintering fine metal powder particles, to fuse them together locally. The only difference is the sintering temperature. DMLS doesn’t fully melt the powder, the main consequence of that is shorter cooling time needed after the 3D printing process is completed.

The properties of your object will be similar to printed with Selective Laser Melting (SLM), but DMLS will provide you with a higher level of details as the layer thickness tolerance is 3 times smaller than with SLM.

Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) 3D Printing Tolerances
Standard Layer Thickness	30- 40 µm
Minimum Wall Thickness	2 mm
Minimum Detail	1 mm
Minimum Clearance	Doesn’t apply
Maximum Raw Size	325 x 250 x 250 mm
Shrinkage	Shrinkage may occur
Accuracy	± 0.2 mm

Binder Jetting

The metal Binder Jetting process is producing your parts layer by layer thanks to a binding agent. It’s also our fastest and cheapest metal 3D printing technology. It perfectly fits prototyping needs, ornamental and decorative objects or jewelry as it’s also suitable for very small parts. The main benefits of the metal binder jetting technology are the high customization possibilities and the fast production time.

Binder Jetting Tolerances
Standard Layer Thickness	100 µm
Minimum Wall Thickness	1.1- 3.2 mm
Minimum Detail	0.8 mm
Minimum Clearance	Doesn’t apply
Maximum Raw Size	Height: 120- 400 mm Width: 50- 250 mm Length: 50- 250 mm
Shrinkage	± 2- 3 %
Accuracy	No info

Lost- Wax Casting

Lost-wax Casting combines 3D printing technologies with traditional methods of manufacturing. It can be used to create multiple models from a first master model that will be used as a reference.

The master model typically built in wax thanks to 3D printing is the perfect replica of the finished product. Once the master model is created, a mold made in plaster is poured over it. Once the plaster mold is ready, liquid metal is injected into the mold to replace wax which is drain away through a treelike structure to create the object.

Do you remember that single hair can be about 20µm thin? Thanks to very small Layer Thickness tolerance (25 µm) Lost-wax casting offers a good solution to create parts with a good quality and fair complexity. The main advantage of this process consists in the production of parts with sharp angles and a very smooth surface finishes and that’s a result of very fine minimum detail tolerance. Lost-wax casting is principally used to create jewelry but can also be used for other small ornamental parts.

Lost- Wax Casting 3D Printing Tolerances
Standard Layer Thickness	25 µm
Minimum Wall Thickness	0.8 mm
Minimum Detail	0.3- 0.4 mm
Minimum Clearance	0.3 mm
Maximum Raw Size	Height: 100- 120 mm Width: 80- 88 mm Length: 60- 88 mm
Shrinkage	± 2- 3 %

Keep the 3D printing tolerances in mind

Additive Manufacturing can improve your production no matter the industry you work in. From 3D printed tires, surgical instruments, food safe tableware to airplanes parts. Discover the perfect use for 3D printing in your production process which will result in faster manufacturing at a lower cost. To make the best of Additive Manufacturing methods keep in mind the design tolerances. It’s essential for you to remember about the size and dimensions restrictions depending on the 3D technology you use. Don’t forget about different thicknesses tolerances to assure your 3D printed parts will come out ready to use without any issues.